Welcome to Lesson 8! ๐
ใฌใในใณ8ใธใใใใ๏ผ
In this comprehensive lesson, you will master the essential skills of reading wiring diagrams, using multimeters, and performing systematic electrical troubleshooting.
ใใฎๅ ๆฌ็ใชใฌใในใณใงใฏใ้ ็ทๅณใฎ่ชญใฟๆนใใใซใใกใผใฟใผใฎไฝฟ็จๆณใไฝ็ณป็ใช้ปๆฐๆ ้่จบๆญใฎ้่ฆใชในใญใซใ็ฟๅพใใพใใ
โ Wiring diagram types and symbols
โ Circuit tracing techniques
โ Multimeter operation and measurements
โ Voltage drop testing
โ Systematic troubleshooting methods
โ Common electrical faults and repairs
This lesson takes approximately 6-8 hours to complete, including hands-on practice and the quiz.
Complete Lessons 1-7 before starting. Strong understanding of electrical fundamentals is essential.
Types of Wiring Diagrams ๐
้ ็ทๅณใฎ็จฎ้ก
Automotive manufacturers use several types of diagrams to represent electrical circuits.
่ชๅ่ปใกใผใซใผใฏใ้ปๆฐๅ่ทฏใ่กจใใใใซใใใคใใฎ็จฎ้กใฎๅณใไฝฟ็จใใพใใ
โข Shows electrical connections and component relationships
โข Uses standardized symbols
โข Does not show physical location
โข Best for understanding circuit operation
โข Most common type for troubleshooting
โข Shows physical location of components
โข Indicates connector positions
โข Helps locate components in vehicle
โข Often combined with schematic info
โข Useful for finding parts
โข Shows pin assignments in connectors
โข Indicates wire colors at each pin
โข Essential for testing at connectors
โข Often shows connector view orientation
โข Terminal identification
Wiring Diagram Formats ๐
้ ็ทๅณใฎใใฉใผใใใ
โข Power flows from top to bottom
โข Ground at bottom of diagram
โข Easy to trace current path
โข Shows complete circuits
โข Common in European vehicles
โข Shows one system at a time
โข Includes all related components
โข Easier to understand single system
โข May span multiple pages
โข Common in Japanese vehicles
โข Letters across top (A, B, C…)
โข Numbers down side (1, 2, 3…)
โข Locate components by grid reference
โข Cross-references between pages
โข Example: “See C-5 for ground location”
Basic Electrical Symbols โก
ๅบๆฌ็ใช้ปๆฐ่จๅท
Understanding standard symbols is essential for reading wiring diagrams.
ๆจๆบ่จๅทใฎ็่งฃใฏ้ ็ทๅณใ่ชญใใใใซไธๅฏๆฌ ใงใใ
โข JIS: Japanese Industrial Standard (ๆฅๆฌๅทฅๆฅญ่ฆๆ ผ)
โข DIN: German Industrial Standard
โข SAE: Society of Automotive Engineers
โข ISO: International Organization for Standardization
Component Symbols ๐ง
้จๅ่จๅท
โข Solid dot (โ): Wires are connected
โข No dot (crossing lines): Wires cross but don’t connect
โข Splice (โ): Factory wire splice location
โข Shield: Shielded wire for EMI protection
โข Numbers: Pin numbers in connectors
โข Letters: Terminal designations (B+, IGN, ACC)
โข Colors: Wire color codes
โข Gauge: Wire size (0.5, 0.85, 1.25 sq mm)
Wire Color Codes ๐จ
้ ็ท่ฒใณใผใ
Japanese vehicles use standardized wire color codes to identify circuit functions.
ๆฅๆฌ่ปใฏๅ่ทฏๆฉ่ฝใ่ญๅฅใใใใใซๆจๆบๅใใใ้ ็ท่ฒใณใผใใไฝฟ็จใใพใใ
| Color | ่ฒ | Abbreviation | Common Use | ็จ้ |
|---|---|---|
| Black | ้ป | B | Ground circuits |
| White | ็ฝ | W | Ground, ignition |
| Red | ่ตค | R | Battery positive, power |
| Yellow | ้ป | Y | Ignition switched power |
| Green | ็ท | G | Lighting circuits |
| Blue | ้ | L | Headlights, indicators |
| Orange | ๆฉ | O | Accessory circuits |
| Brown | ่ถ | BR | Tail lights |
โข Format: Base color / Stripe color (ไพ: R/W = Red with White stripe)
โข Example: G/Y = Green with Yellow stripe
โข Reading: First letter is main color, second is stripe
Circuit Tracing Basics ๐
ๅ่ทฏ่ฟฝ่ทกใฎๅบๆฌ
Circuit tracing is the systematic process of following electrical paths through a wiring diagram.
ๅ่ทฏ่ฟฝ่ทกใฏ้ ็ทๅณใ้ใใฆ้ปๆฐ็ต่ทฏใ่ฟฝ่ทกใใไฝ็ณป็ใชใใญใปในใงใใ
1. Identify power source: Find battery or fuse
2. Follow positive path: Trace from power to load
3. Identify load: Find the component being powered
4. Follow ground path: Trace from load to ground
5. Note all components: Switches, relays, connectors
โข Power source: Battery or switched power
โข Protection: Fuse or circuit breaker
โข Control: Switch, relay, or module
โข Load: Light, motor, or other device
โข Ground: Return path to battery negative
Power Distribution ๐
้ปๆบๅ้
Understanding power distribution is essential for tracing circuits.
้ปๆบๅ้ ใฎ็่งฃใฏๅ่ทฏ่ฟฝ่ทกใซไธๅฏๆฌ ใงใใ
โข B+ (Battery): Constant power, always hot
โข IGN (Ignition): Power when key in ON/RUN
โข ACC (Accessory): Power in ACC and ON positions
โข ST (Start): Power only during cranking
โข IG2: Secondary ignition circuit
โข Under-hood fuse box: High-current circuits, relays
โข Interior fuse box: Accessory and body circuits
โข Relay box: Contains relays and fuses
โข Junction block: Power distribution center
โข Mini fuse: Small blade type (common)
โข Standard fuse: Regular blade type
โข Maxi fuse: Large blade for high current
โข Fusible link: Wire-type protection
โข Cartridge fuse: Bolt-in type
Digital Multimeter (DMM) ๐ฌ
ใใธใฟใซใใซใใกใผใฟใผ
The digital multimeter is the most important tool for electrical troubleshooting.
ใใธใฟใซใใซใใกใผใฟใผใฏ้ปๆฐๆ ้่จบๆญใงๆใ้่ฆใชใใผใซใงใใ
โข DC Voltage (DCV): Measure battery, sensors
โข AC Voltage (ACV): Measure alternator output
โข Resistance (ฮฉ): Measure components, continuity
โข Current (A): Measure circuit amperage
โข Continuity: Check wire integrity
โข Diode test: Check diodes and LEDs
โข Black lead: Always in COM (common) jack
โข Red lead: V/ฮฉ jack for voltage and resistance
โข Red lead: A jack for current measurement
โข Important: Never measure current in voltage mode!
โข Check meter rating (CAT III for automotive)
โข Inspect leads for damage before use
โข Start with highest range if unsure
โข Never measure resistance on powered circuits
โข Use proper PPE when working with batteries
Voltage Measurement โก
้ปๅงๆธฌๅฎ
Voltage measurement is the most common electrical test performed.
้ปๅงๆธฌๅฎใฏๆใไธ่ฌ็ใช้ปๆฐใในใใงใใ
1. Set meter to DC Volts (DCV)
2. Select appropriate range (20V for automotive)
3. Connect black lead to known good ground
4. Touch red lead to test point
5. Read voltage on display
โข Battery (engine off): 12.4-12.7V
โข Battery (engine running): 13.5-14.5V
โข Ignition ON circuits: 11.5-12.5V
โข Ground circuits: 0V (or very close)
โข 5V reference: 4.9-5.1V
โข Full voltage: Power is reaching test point
โข No voltage: Open circuit before test point
โข Low voltage: High resistance in circuit
โข Fluctuating: Intermittent connection
Resistance Measurement ฮฉ
ๆตๆๆธฌๅฎ
Resistance measurement checks component condition and wire integrity.
ๆตๆๆธฌๅฎใฏ้จๅใฎ็ถๆ ใจ้ ็ทใฎๅฎๅ จๆงใใใงใใฏใใพใใ
ALWAYS disconnect power before measuring resistance!
Measuring resistance on a powered circuit can damage the meter and give false readings.
ๆตๆๆธฌๅฎๅใซๅฟ
ใ้ปๆบใๅๆญใใฆใใ ใใ๏ผ
1. Disconnect power to circuit
2. Set meter to Ohms (ฮฉ)
3. Isolate component if needed
4. Connect leads across component
5. Read resistance value
โข 0 ฮฉ (or very low): Good continuity, short circuit
โข Specified value: Component is good
โข OL (Over Limit): Open circuit, infinite resistance
โข Higher than spec: Increased resistance, degraded
โข Good wire: Less than 1ฮฉ
โข Ignition coil primary: 0.5-2ฮฉ
โข Injector: 12-16ฮฉ
โข Relay coil: 50-100ฮฉ
โข Temperature sensor: Varies with temp
Current Measurement ๐
้ปๆตๆธฌๅฎ
Current measurement determines how much electricity is flowing through a circuit.
้ปๆตๆธฌๅฎใฏๅ่ทฏใๆตใใ้ปๆฐ้ใๆธฌๅฎใใพใใ
Current is measured IN SERIES with the circuit!
The meter must be connected so all current flows through it. Wrong connection can blow the meter fuse or damage the meter.
โข In-line measurement: Break circuit, insert meter
โข Clamp meter: Clamp around wire (non-invasive)
โข Fuse method: Remove fuse, connect meter across
โข Shunt resistor: Measure voltage across known resistance
โข Parasitic draw: Find battery drain
โข Motor current: Check motor condition
โข Circuit load: Verify proper operation
โข Starter current: Diagnose starting problems
โข Charging current: Check alternator output
Voltage Drop Testing ๐
้ปๅง้ไธใในใ
Voltage drop testing is the most effective method for finding high-resistance problems in circuits.
้ปๅง้ไธใในใใฏๅ่ทฏใฎ้ซๆตๆๅ้กใ่ฆใคใใๆใๅนๆ็ใชๆนๆณใงใใ
โข Voltage “used up” by resistance in a circuit
โข Measured while circuit is operating under load
โข Reveals problems invisible to other tests
โข Shows exactly where resistance exists
โข Essential for diagnosing intermittent problems
1. Circuit must be ON and under load
2. Set meter to DC Volts
3. Connect leads across the section to test
4. Read voltage drop on display
5. Compare to specifications
โข Wire/connection (power side): Max 0.2V
โข Wire/connection (ground side): Max 0.1V
โข Switch contacts: Max 0.3V
โข Fuse: Max 0.1V
โข Total circuit drop: Should equal source voltage
Voltage Drop Test Points ๐ฏ
้ปๅง้ไธใในใใใคใณใ
โข Battery + to fuse: Check main power feed
โข Across fuse: Check fuse condition
โข Fuse to switch: Check wire and connectors
โข Across switch: Check switch contacts
โข Switch to load: Check remaining power wire
โข Load to ground point: Check ground wire
โข Ground point to battery -: Check chassis ground
โข Across connectors: Check each connection
โข Total ground path: Should be less than 0.1V
โข Corroded connections: Green/white buildup
โข Loose terminals: Poor contact
โข Damaged wire: Broken strands
โข Undersized wire: Too small for current
โข Burned contacts: Switch or relay damage
โข Clean corroded connections
โข Tighten loose terminals
โข Repair or replace damaged wires
โข Replace faulty switches/relays
โข Add ground straps if needed
Continuity Testing ๐
ๅฐ้ใในใ
Continuity testing verifies that a complete path exists for current flow.
ๅฐ้ใในใใฏ้ปๆตใๆตใใๅฎๅ จใช็ต่ทฏใๅญๅจใใใใจใ็ขบ่ชใใพใใ
1. Disconnect power to circuit
2. Set meter to continuity mode (beep symbol)
3. Touch leads together to verify meter works
4. Connect leads to both ends of wire/component
5. Beep = continuity, No beep = open circuit
โข Wire integrity: Check for broken wires
โข Fuse condition: Good fuse has continuity
โข Switch operation: Continuity when closed
โข Ground circuits: Path to chassis ground
โข Connector pins: Check for bent/damaged pins
โข Beep + low ohms: Good continuity
โข No beep + OL: Open circuit (break in path)
โข Intermittent beep: Loose connection
โข Beep where shouldn’t be: Short circuit
Systematic Troubleshooting ๐ง
ไฝ็ณป็ๆ ้่จบๆญ
A systematic approach ensures efficient and accurate diagnosis of electrical problems.
ไฝ็ณป็ใชใขใใญใผใใซใใใ้ปๆฐ็ๅ้กใฎๅน็็ใงๆญฃ็ขบใช่จบๆญใไฟ่จผใใใพใใ
1. Verify the complaint: Confirm the problem exists
2. Analyze the symptom: Understand what’s happening
3. Isolate the problem: Narrow down the cause
4. Find the root cause: Identify the exact fault
5. Repair the problem: Fix the issue properly
6. Verify the repair: Confirm problem is solved
โข Customer interview: When, how often, conditions
โข Service history: Previous repairs, patterns
โข TSBs: Technical Service Bulletins
โข Wiring diagrams: Circuit information
โข Scan tool data: DTCs and live data
Common Electrical Faults โ ๏ธ
ไธ่ฌ็ใช้ปๆฐๆ ้
โข Open circuit: Component doesn’t work at all
โข Short circuit: Blown fuse, overheating
โข Short to ground: Fuse blows immediately
โข High resistance: Dim lights, slow motors
โข Intermittent: Works sometimes, fails sometimes
Diagnosing Open Circuits ๐
ๆญ็ทใฎ่จบๆญ
An open circuit is a break in the electrical path that prevents current flow.
ๆญ็ทใฏ้ปๆตใฎๆตใใๅฆจใใ้ปๆฐ็ต่ทฏใฎๅๆญใงใใ
โข Broken wire: Physical damage, fatigue
โข Blown fuse: Overcurrent protection activated
โข Bad connection: Corroded or loose terminal
โข Failed component: Burned out bulb, open coil
โข Disconnected connector: Not fully seated
1. Check fuse first (visual and continuity)
2. Check for voltage at component
3. If no voltage, work backward toward power source
4. Use continuity test on suspect wires
5. Check all connectors in circuit
โข Test at middle of circuit first
โข If voltage present, problem is after test point
โข If no voltage, problem is before test point
โข Continue splitting until fault is found
โข Efficient for long circuits
Diagnosing Short Circuits โก
็ญ็ตกใฎ่จบๆญ
A short circuit creates an unintended low-resistance path for current.
็ญ็ตกใฏ้ปๆตใฎๆๅณใใชใไฝๆตๆ็ต่ทฏใไฝใใพใใ
โข Excessive current flow
โข Overheating wires (fire risk)
โข Blown fuses
โข Damaged components
โข Battery drain
1. Remove blown fuse
2. Disconnect loads on circuit
3. Set meter to resistance/continuity
4. Check from fuse terminal to ground
5. Should be OL (open) – if low, short exists
6. Disconnect sections to isolate short location
โข Install short finder in place of fuse
โข Tool pulses current through circuit
โข Use inductive probe to trace wire
โข Signal stops at location of short
โข Efficient for finding hidden shorts
โข Door jamb wiring (flexing damage)
โข Under carpet (water damage)
โข Near sharp edges (chafing)
โข Engine compartment (heat damage)
โข After collision repairs
Parasitic Draw Testing ๐
ๆ้ปๆตใในใ
Parasitic draw is the small amount of current that flows when the vehicle is off. Excessive draw causes dead batteries.
ๆ้ปๆตใฏ่ปไธกใใชใใฎๆใซๆตใใๅฐ้ใฎ้ปๆตใงใใ้ๅฐใชๆ้ปๆตใฏใใใใชใผไธใใใฎๅๅ ใจใชใใพใใ
โข Acceptable range: 25-50 milliamps (mA)
โข Maximum: Usually under 85 mA
โข Sources: Clock, radio memory, ECU keep-alive
โข Problem level: Over 100 mA indicates issue
โข Severe: Over 300 mA will drain battery overnight
1. Turn off all accessories, close all doors
2. Wait 30-60 minutes for modules to sleep
3. Disconnect negative battery cable
4. Connect ammeter in series (battery to cable)
5. Read current draw on meter
6. If high, pull fuses one at a time to isolate circuit
โข BCM: 5-30 minutes to sleep
โข Radio: Immediate or 10 minutes
โข Security system: May stay active
โข Keyless entry: Periodic wake-up
โข Tip: Wait for draw to stabilize before testing
โข Glove box or trunk light staying on
โข Aftermarket accessories (stereo, alarm)
โข Faulty alternator diode
โข Module not entering sleep mode
โข Relay stuck closed
Isolating Parasitic Draw ๐
ๆ้ปๆตใฎ็นๅฎ
1. Connect ammeter in series with battery
2. Note the total parasitic draw reading
3. Pull fuses one at a time
4. Watch ammeter for significant drop
5. When draw drops, that circuit has the problem
6. Consult wiring diagram for that fuse’s circuits
โข Use DC clamp meter around individual wires
โข No need to break circuit
โข Faster than fuse pull method
โข Can measure at fuse box or component
โข Requires sensitive low-amp clamp meter
โข Review wiring diagram for that fuse
โข Identify all components on circuit
โข Disconnect components one at a time
โข When draw drops, faulty component found
โข Repair or replace as needed
Scan Tool Diagnostics ๐ป
ในใญใฃใณใใผใซ่จบๆญ
Modern vehicles require scan tools for comprehensive electrical diagnosis.
็พไปฃใฎ่ปไธกใฏๅ ๆฌ็ใช้ปๆฐ่จบๆญใซในใญใฃใณใใผใซใๅฟ ่ฆใงใใ
โข Read DTCs: Diagnostic Trouble Codes
โข Clear DTCs: Reset codes after repair
โข Live data: Real-time sensor values
โข Freeze frame: Conditions when code set
โข Bi-directional: Activate components for testing
โข Module info: Software versions, VIN
โข P codes: Powertrain (engine, transmission)
โข B codes: Body (interior, accessories)
โข C codes: Chassis (ABS, suspension)
โข U codes: Network (communication)
โข Format: P0XXX = Generic, P1XXX = Manufacturer
โข P0300: Random/Multiple Cylinder Misfire
โข P0171: System Too Lean (Bank 1)
โข B1421: Driver Door Lock Circuit Open
โข C1201: Engine Control System Malfunction
โข U0100: Lost Communication with ECM
Using Live Data ๐
ใฉใคใใใผใฟใฎๆดป็จ
Live data allows you to see what the ECU sees in real-time.
ใฉใคใใใผใฟใฏECUใ่ฆใฆใใใใฎใใชใขใซใฟใคใ ใง็ขบ่ชใงใใพใใ
โข Battery voltage: Should be 13.5-14.5V running
โข Coolant temp: Should reach operating temp
โข O2 sensor: Should switch between rich/lean
โข Fuel trims: Should be near 0% (ยฑ10%)
โข RPM: Should match tachometer
โข Always compare to manufacturer specifications
โข Look for values that don’t change (stuck sensor)
โข Look for erratic readings (intermittent fault)
โข Compare related parameters (should correlate)
โข Record data for before/after comparison
โข Graph view shows changes over time
โข Easier to spot intermittent problems
โข Can overlay multiple parameters
โข Record and playback for analysis
โข Compare to known-good patterns
Intermittent Faults ๐
้ๆฌ ็ๆ ้
Intermittent faults are the most challenging electrical problems to diagnose.
้ๆฌ ็ๆ ้ใฏ่จบๆญใๆใๅฐ้ฃใช้ปๆฐ็ๅ้กใงใใ
โข Problem comes and goes
โข May be temperature-related
โข May be vibration-related
โข May be position-related
โข Often difficult to reproduce
โข Wiggle test: Move wires/connectors while monitoring
โข Heat test: Use heat gun on suspect components
โข Cold test: Use freeze spray on components
โข Vibration test: Tap on components/connectors
โข Road test: Drive over bumps, turns
โข Loose connector pins: Spread or backed out
โข Corroded terminals: Oxidation buildup
โข Broken wire strands: Internal break
โข Cold solder joint: Cracked circuit board solder
โข Thermal expansion: Component fails when hot
โข Record conditions when fault occurs
โข Note temperature, humidity, time of day
โข Document what was happening (turning, braking)
โข Check for patterns in occurrence
โข Review customer complaint carefully
Wire Repair Techniques ๐ง
้ ็ทไฟฎ็ๆ่ก
Proper wire repair ensures reliable, long-lasting connections.
้ฉๅใช้ ็ทไฟฎ็ใฏไฟก้ ผๆงใฎ้ซใ้ทๆใกใใๆฅ็ถใไฟ่จผใใพใใ
โข Solder and heat shrink: Best quality, permanent
โข Crimp splice: Quick, reliable if done properly
โข Butt connector: Easy but less reliable
โข Wire tap: Not recommended for repairs
โข Twist and tape: Never acceptable!
1. Strip wire ends 10-15mm
2. Slide heat shrink onto wire first
3. Twist wires together tightly
4. Apply flux and heat with soldering iron
5. Apply solder until it flows into joint
6. Slide heat shrink over joint and heat
โข Use same gauge wire or larger
โข Use same insulation type (heat resistant if needed)
โข Stagger splices to prevent bulk
โข Support repaired wires to prevent stress
โข Seal all repairs against moisture
Connector Repair ๐
ใณใใฏใฟใผไฟฎ็
Connector problems are a leading cause of electrical faults.
ใณใใฏใฟใผใฎๅ้กใฏ้ปๆฐๆ ้ใฎไธปใชๅๅ ใงใใ
โข Visual check: Corrosion, damage, moisture
โข Pin condition: Bent, spread, pushed back
โข Lock tabs: Broken or worn
โข Seals: Missing or damaged
โข Terminal tension: Should grip tightly
โข Cleaning: Electrical contact cleaner
โข Tension adjustment: Carefully close female terminals
โข Terminal replacement: Use proper release tool
โข Dielectric grease: Apply to prevent corrosion
โข Seal replacement: Replace damaged seals
1. Use correct terminal release tool
2. Depress locking tab and pull terminal out
3. Cut old terminal off wire
4. Strip wire to correct length
5. Crimp new terminal properly
6. Insert until lock clicks
โข Using wrong size terminal
โข Poor crimp connection
โข Not fully seating terminal
โข Damaging connector housing
โข Forgetting to apply dielectric grease
Electrical Safety โ ๏ธ
้ปๆฐไฝๆฅญใฎๅฎๅ จ
Working with automotive electrical systems requires attention to safety.
่ชๅ่ป้ปๆฐใทในใใ ใฎไฝๆฅญใซใฏๅฎๅ จใธใฎๆณจๆใๅฟ ่ฆใงใใ
โข Disconnect battery before working on circuits
โข Wait for capacitors to discharge (hybrid/EV)
โข Wear safety glasses when working near battery
โข Remove jewelry to prevent shorts
โข Use insulated tools when possible
โข Batteries produce explosive hydrogen gas
โข Keep sparks and flames away
โข Disconnect negative first, reconnect last
โข Use proper jump-start procedures
โข Wear gloves and eye protection
โข High voltage systems (200-800V) can be lethal
โข Only trained technicians should work on HV
โข Follow manufacturer disable procedures
โข Use HV-rated PPE and tools
โข Verify system is de-energized before work
โข Safety glasses
โข Insulated gloves (for HV work)
โข Face shield (battery work)
โข Non-conductive footwear
โข Fire extinguisher nearby
Lesson Summary ๐
ใฌใในใณใฎใพใจใ
Congratulations! You’ve learned comprehensive wiring diagram reading and troubleshooting skills.
ใใใงใจใใใใใพใ๏ผๅ ๆฌ็ใช้ ็ทๅณใฎ่ชญใฟๆนใจๆ ้่จบๆญในใญใซใๅญฆใณใพใใใ
โข Wiring diagrams use standardized symbols and formats
โข Wire colors follow Japanese/international standards
โข Multimeters measure voltage, resistance, and current
โข Voltage drop testing finds high-resistance problems
โข Systematic troubleshooting follows a logical process
โข Proper repairs ensure reliable, lasting connections
โข Battery voltage: 12.4-12.7V (off), 13.5-14.5V (running)
โข Max voltage drop (power): 0.2V
โข Max voltage drop (ground): 0.1V
โข Normal parasitic draw: 25-50 mA
โข Relay coil resistance: 50-100ฮฉ
Now it’s time to test your knowledge with a 10-question quiz. You need 70% (7/10) to pass. Good luck!
10ๅใฎใฏใคใบใง็ฅ่ญใใในใใใพใใใใๅๆ ผใซใฏ70%๏ผ7ๅๆญฃ่งฃ๏ผใๅฟ
่ฆใงใใ้ ๅผตใฃใฆใใ ใใ๏ผ
๐ Lesson 8 Quiz
ใฌใในใณ8ใฏใคใบ
Test your knowledge with 10 multiple-choice questions.
10ๅใฎๅค่ข้ธๆๅผๅ้กใง็ฅ่ญใใในใใใพใใ
โข 10 multiple-choice questions
โข Passing score: 70% (7/10 correct)
โข You can review your answers after completion
โข Take your time and read carefully
Click “Next” to begin the quiz. Good luck!
ใๆฌกใธใใใฏใชใใฏใใฆใฏใคใบใ้ๅงใใพใใ้ ๅผตใฃใฆใใ ใใ๏ผ
ๅ้ก1: ๅ่ทฏใฎใขใผในๅดใง่จฑๅฎนใใใๆๅคง้ปๅง้ไธใฏ๏ผ
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏA) 0.1Vใงใใใขใผในๅดใฎ้ปๅง้ไธใฏ0.1Vๆชๆบใงใใในใใงใใ้ปๆบๅดใฏ0.2Vใพใง่จฑๅฎนใใใพใใ
ๅ้ก2: ้ ็ท่ฒใณใผใใR/Wใใฏไฝใ็คบใใพใใ๏ผ
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏA) ่ตคใซ็ฝในใใฉใคใใงใใๆๅใฎๆๅญใใกใคใณใฎ่ฒใในใฉใใทใฅใฎๅพใฎๆๅญใในใใฉใคใใฎ่ฒใงใใ
ๅ้ก3: ๆตๆๆธฌๅฎใใใฆใฏใใใชใใฎใฏใใคใงใใ๏ผ
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏA) ๅ่ทฏใซ้ปๆบใๅ ฅใฃใฆใใๆใงใใ้ปๆบใๅ ฅใฃใๅ่ทฏใงๆตๆใๆธฌๅฎใใใจใใกใผใฟใผใๆๅทใใ่ชคใฃใ่ชญใฟๅใๅคใๅบใๅฏ่ฝๆงใใใใพใใ
ๅ้ก4: ใปใจใใฉใฎ่ปไธกใฎๆญฃๅธธใชๆ้ปๆต็ฏๅฒใฏ๏ผ
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏB) 25-50 mAใงใใๆญฃๅธธใชๆ้ปๆตใฏ25-50ใใชใขใณใใขใงใใ100 mAใ่ถ ใใใจๅ้กใใใใพใใ
ๅ้ก5: ๆตๆๆธฌๅฎๆใซใใซใใกใผใฟใผใซ่กจ็คบใใใใOLใใฏไฝใ็คบใใพใใ๏ผ
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏA) ๆญ็ท/็ก้ๅคงๆตๆใงใใOLใฏใใชใผใใผใชใใใใใๆๅณใใๆตๆใๆธฌๅฎใงใใชใใปใฉ้ซใ๏ผๆญ็ท๏ผใใจใ็คบใใพใใ
ๅ้ก6: ใBใใงๅงใพใDTCใฏใฉใฎใฟใคใใงใใ๏ผ
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏA) ใใใฃ๏ผๅ ่ฃ ใใขใฏใปใตใชใผ๏ผใงใใBใณใผใใฏใใขใใฆใฃใณใใฆใใทใผใใๅ ่ฃ ใขใฏใปใตใชใผใชใฉใฎใใใฃใทในใใ ใซ้ข้ฃใใพใใ
ๅ้ก7: ๆฐธไน ็ใช้ ็ทๆฅ็ถใ่กใๆ่ฏใฎๆนๆณใฏ๏ผ
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏA) ใฏใใ ใจใใผใใทใฅใชใณใฏใงใใใใใฏๆใๅผทใใไฟก้ ผๆงใ้ซใใ่ๅๆงใฎใใๆฅ็ถใๆไพใใพใใ
ๅ้ก8: ๅ่ทฏใฎ้ปๆตใฏใฉใฎใใใซๆธฌๅฎใใพใใ๏ผ
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏA) ๅ่ทฏใจ็ดๅใซใงใใ้ปๆตใฏใกใผใฟใผใ้้ใใๅฟ ่ฆใใใใใใ็ดๅใซๆฅ็ถใใๅฟ ่ฆใใใใพใใ
ๅ้ก9: ใๅๅๅฒๆณใใฏไฝใซไฝฟ็จใใใพใใ๏ผ
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏA) ๆญ็ทใๅน็็ใซ็นๅฎใใใงใใๅ่ทฏใฎไธญ้ใงใในใใใใใจใงใใฉใกใใฎๅๅใซๆ ้ใใใใใ็ด ๆฉใๅคๆญใงใใพใใ
ๅ้ก10: ้ ็ทๅณใฎ้ปไธธ๏ผโ๏ผใฏไฝใ็คบใใพใใ๏ผ
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏA) ้ ็ทใๆฅ็ถใใใฆใใใงใใ็ทใฎไบค็นใซใใ้ปไธธใฏใ้ ็ทใ้ปๆฐ็ใซๆฅ็ถใใใฆใใใใจใ็คบใใพใใ
็ตๆใ่จ็ฎไธญ…
You’ve completed Lesson 8 and Module 5! Continue with Module 6 or review your answers below.
